DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

A. Pengertian Direct Indirect Speech

Direct speech adalah suatu kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara yang dalam penulisannya disertai dengan tanda aphostrof di awal dan akhir kalimatnya sebagaimana teks dialog atau percakapan. Contoh: 
Andi bilang kepada saya: “kamu adalah orang yang sangat aku cintai”
Andi says to me: “you are the one I love very much”

Sedangkan Indirect speech adalah suatu kalimat yang menggambarkan perkataan orang lain atau dirinya sendiri secara tidak langsung (tidak persis seperti yang dikatakan pada saat diucapkan).Seperti jika kita merubah contoh kalimat di atasmaka indirect speechnya menjadi: 
Andi bilang kepada saya bahwa saya adalah orang yang sangat ia cintai.
Andi says to me that I am the one he love so much

Baik kalimat direct maupun indirect speech terdiri dari dua unsur yakni induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. Induk kalimat (introduce phrase) adalah seperti yang berwarna merah, sedangkan anak kalimat (reported words) adalah yang berwarna biru.

B. AturanPerubahan Direct Indirect Speech

Siswa sering kali dibingungkan dengan perubahan kalimat dari direct speech ke indirect speech dalam hal perubahan tenses, subje kobjek serta tempat dan waktu. Berikut aturan perubahannya:

1. Tenses.                  

Perubahan tenses di bawahiniterjadijikaIndukkalimatnyaberupabentuk Past tense, sedangjikaindukkalimatnyadalambentuk present tense seperticontoh di atas, makatidakadaperubahan.

No	DIRECT	INDIRECT
1	Simple Present	Simple past
2	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
3	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
4	Present Perfect Continous	Past Perfect Continous
5	Simple Past	Past Perfect
6	Past continuous	Past continuous
7	Past perfect	Past perfect
8	Past perfect continuous	Past perfect continuous
9	Simple Future	Past Future
10	Future Continuous	Past future continuous
11	Future Perfect	Past Future Perfect
12	Future Perfect Continuous	Past Future Perfect Continuous

                                              

2. Keteranganwaktudantempat

No	DIRECT	INDIRECT
1	Now	Then
2	Tomorrow	The following day
3	Yesterday	The day before
4	Next week	The following week
5	Tonight/Today	That night/That day
6	Here	There
7	This	That
8	These	Those

3. BerdasarbentukKalimat

Bentuk dasar kalimat juga berpengaruh pada perubahan kalimat dari direct ke indirect speech. Bentuk dasark alimat yang dimaksud adalah:

• Statement (pernyataan)

Dalam Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata “that”(bahwa) sebagai penghubung antara kalimat pengantar/induk kalimat (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan/anakkalimat (reported words). Kata yang biasa digunakan bukanhanya told dan said saja, melainkan bisa juga menggunakan: accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested.
Contoh:

o                He suggested: you should come to the party.
He suggested I should come to the party.

o                Andi told me: “I invite you to come to my party tonight”
Andi told me that he invited me to come to his party that night

o                My sister said to me: “Papa warned me last night”
My sister said to me that papa had warned her the night before.

• Command (perintah)

Perintah berarti menyuruh untuk melakukan atau tidak melakukan (melarang) dengan kata jangan (don’t). Menyuruh untuk melakukan berarti bersifat positif, sedangkan melarang bersifat negatif (menggunakan don’t).

a.                   Positif
Dalam perintah positif kita tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat yang berupa kalimat perintah.
Contoh:
He asked me: “Open your book”
He asked me to open my book.

Garetaksed me: “stop talking to Janet”.
Gareth asked me to stop talking to Janet.

b.                  Negatif
Dalam  perintah negatif kita tambahkan not  to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
Contoh: 
 Mary told John: “Don’t wait for me’
 Mary told John not to wait for her.

 Father said to my sister: “don’t go alone in the middle of the night.
 Father asked to my sister not to go alone in the middle of the night.

•  Question (pertanyaan)

Kalimat pertanyaan dibagi menjadi dua kategori:

Pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (what, where, when, who, why, how), maka kata tanyatersebulah yang menjadi penghubung antara induk dan induk kalimat.
Contoh:

§  He asked me : “How will you go there ?”
He asked me how I would go there

a.                   Pertanyaan yang tidakmenggunakan kata tanyadanjawabannyaberupa yes atau no.
Contoh:

§  The teacher asked her : “Have you finish your homework ?”
The teacher asked her if he had finished her homework.

Catatan:

·               Kita bolehmenggunakan present tense atau past tense jikakebenarannyamasihterjadihinggasaatini. Contoh: 
“My name is Lynne”, she said. Indirectnyaboleh: She said her name was Lynne. bolehjuga: She said her name is Lynne.

 LATIHAN SOAL

 

1.       Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?

     Raul         : Of course. He said ……..the previous day.

a.       a. had gone to his country            c. he went to his country

b.      b. he has gone to his country       d. he will go to his country

     Jawaban : A

     ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung harus past perfect)

2.       Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?

Jenifer   : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?

Ferdy     : he wanted to know……

a.       a. if Mary was absent            b. why Mary was absent    

b.      c. why was Mary absent       d. that Mary had been absent

      Jawaban : D

      (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk  past perfect)

3.        Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.

Herman  : Okay, mom.

Rudy      : What did your mother just told you?

Herman  : She told me……because the baby was sleeping.

a.       a. I wasn’t so noisy               d. I am very noisy

b.      b. not to be so noisy             c. don’t be noisy

      Jawaban : B

      (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)

4.       Doctor   : Open your mouth!

Mother  : What did the doctor tell you?

Son       : The doctor told me

a.       a. that I open his mouth           C. to opened my mouth

b.      b. if I opened my mouth            D. to open my mouth

 Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)

5.       Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?

Mother asked me……

a.       whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken

b.      whether I want meatball or fried chicken

c.       that I wanted meatball or fried chicken

d.      that I want meatball or fried chicken

      Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)

6.       He told me, “I go to work everyday.”

a.       He told me that he go to work everyday.

b.      He told me that he went to work everyday.

c.       He told me that he gone to work everyday.

d.      I told me that he went to work everyday.

       Jawaban B (Direct : Simple Present , indirect menjadi Simple Past)

7.       She told me, “I am playing music now”.

a.       She told me that i was playing music then.

b.      She told me that she is playing music then.

c.       She told me that she was playing music then.

d.      She told me that she was played music then.

        Jawaban C (Present Continuous menjadi Past Continuous)

8.       They told me. “We have bought a car”.

a.       They told me that they had bought a car.

b.      They told me that they had buy a car

c.       They told me that they has been bought a car

d.      They told me that  we had bought a car

       Jawaban : A Present Perfect menjadi Past Perfect

9.       He told me, “I went to Bandung yesterday”.

a.       He told me that he had gone to Bandung yesterday.

b.      He told me that he will go to Bandung yesterday.

c.       He told me that he has went to Bandung yesterday.

d.      He told me that he would go to Bandung yesterday.

        Jawaban A (Simple Past menjadi Past Perfect)

10.   He told me, “I will go to university next year”.

a.       He told me that he had gone to university the following year.

b.      He told me that he will go to university the following year.

c.       He told me that he has went university the following year.

d.      He told me that he would go to university the following year.

        Jawaban D (Simple Future menjadi Future Past)

11.   She told me, “I should go there if I were you.”

a.       She told me that she would have gone there if she had been me.

b.      She told me that she would have been gone there if she had been me.

c.       She said me that she will gone there if she had been me.

d.      She told me that she was gone there if she had been me.

Jawaban A(Future Past menjadi Future Past Perfect)

12.   Head master  : Why didn”t you clean this room this morning?

Jani               :  I am sorry. I got a headache.

The headmaster asked her why ___ the room this morning.

a.       I hadn’t cleaned                 c. he headn’t cleaned

b.      he does not clean             d.  he would not clean

c.       he hasn’t cleaned

       Jawaban : D (direct : simple present tense S+V1, Indirect : simple past tense S+V2)

13.   Anto  : I am sorry Lina. I forgot to bring your book.

Ari    : What did he say, Lina?

Lina  : Anto said to me that he ___ to bring my book.

a.       has forgotten

b.      had forgotten

c.       would forget

d.      forgets

        Jawaban : B  (direct : simple past  tense S+V2, Indirect : simple past perfect tense S+had+V2)

14.   Mother asked Mira to close the windows because it was windy outside.

Mother said, “ ___________”

a.       Mira closed the window. It is windy outside.

b.      Closed the window, Mira. It is windy outside.

c.       Does Mira close the window. It was windy outside.

d.      To close the window Mira! It is windy outside.

Jawaban : B (Indirect : simple past cont tense S+was+V1, direct : simple present cont tense S+to be+V1)

15.   “What are you doing now?”, he asked.

He asked me ____

a.        what are you were doing now      d. what I was doing then.

b.      what were you doing now.             c. what I was doing then

        Jawaban : C 

        (Indirect : simple past cont tense S+was+V1-ing, direct : simple present cont

         tense  tobe+S+V1-ing)

16.   My parents advised my sister ____ too much money on clothes.

    a. do not spend                d. not spending

    b. not to spend                c. did not spend

    Jawaban : B  (Indirect : simple past tense S+V2)

17.   The secretary asked me ___ with Mr. Slamet.

    a. did I have an appointment        d. when is my appointment

    b. how was my appointment        c. whether I had appointment

    Jawaban : C ( Indirect : simple past perfect tense S+V2)

18.   “don’t make noise, children”, she said.

a.       a. She told the children don’t make noise        .

b.      She said the children didn’t make noise

c.       She didn’t say the children should noise         

d.      She told the children not to make noise

       Jawaban : D (direct : simple present tense S+V1, Indirect : simple past tense S+V2)

19.     My friend said to me, “Can I find you a hotel?”. Mean___

a.       My friend asked me if I could help him find a hotel.

b.      I wondered if my friend could help me find a hotel.

c.       My friend said that I could help him find a hotel.

d.      My friend asked me whether he could help me find a hotel.

 Jawaban : D (simple present tense S+V1)

20.   Father said, “Finish your work!”

        The indirect form is: Father told me ____

a.    finish your work

b.   finished your work               

c.    that I finish my work

d.   to finish my work

  Jawaban : D (Simple present tense S+V1)